1-8 Recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with diabetes state that GLP-1 RAs (lixisenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, exenatide extended release [ER], dulaglutide, efpeglenatide) should be considered for glucose-lowering treatment in patients with T2D at risk of or with heart failure (HF
At 50 mg to 200 mg per dose, the high injection volume requires intramuscular (IM) administration or splitting the dose across multiple subcutaneous sites
Semaglutide could ultimately be a valuable pharmacological alternative or add-on to these medications, however, more studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this drug, as well as its safety in people with average and below average BMI for whom weight loss could cause medical problems
However, bioavailability is lower than injectable formulations, and gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting) occur in 2040% of users, particularly during titration
Cardioselective beta-blockers are generally safe in patients with COPD but may occasionally worsen asthma symptoms
Pharmacol., 4:149-155, 2012